Ectomycorrhizal communities above and below ground and truffle productivity in a Tuber aestivum orchard
Abstract
Aim of study: The diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities (EM) above (EMFb) and below (EMMt) ground associated with Quercus cerris L., Q. pubescens Willd., and Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold was analyzed.
Area of study: A 20 year-old orchard that produces Tuber aestivum truffles, located a few kilometers from Chiusi della Verna (latitude 43° 41’ 53’’; longitude 11° 56’ 9’’) in Tuscany (central Italy) was observed.
Material and Methods: This investigation combined analyses of EMFb, EMMt, T. aestivum productivity, different host trees, and statistical data on community ecology.
Main results: The EM communities showed high species richness and differed slightly in relation to both the host tree and their location above or below ground, providing frequent findings of Tricholoma and Tomentella, respectively. Positive correlations were found between the number of truffles and host trees, and between the weight and number of truffles and EMFb.
Research highlights: Mycorrhizal fungi and truffle production are not in competition.
Key words: Fungal communities; fruiting bodies; morphotypes; Tuber aestivum; competition; Italy.
Downloads
References
Agerer R, 1987-2008. Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizas. 1st- 14th delivery. Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.
Agerer R, 1995. Anatomical characteristics of identified ectomycorrhizas: an attempt towards a natural classification. In: Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Varma AK, Hock B, eds). Springer, Berlin, Germany. pp: 685-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_29
Agerer R, 2006. Fungal relationships and structural identity of their ectomycorrhizae. Mycological Progress 5: 67-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0505-x
Águeda B, Fernández-Toirán LM, De Miguel AM, Martínez-Peña F, 2010. Ectomycorrhizal status of a mature productive black truffle plantation. Forest Systems 19(1): 89-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2010191-01170
Arnolds E, 1981. Ecology and coenology of macrofungi in grasslands and moist heathlands in Drenthe, the Netherlands. Part 1. Introduction and Synecology. Bibl Mycol 83: 1-410.
Arnolds E, Kujper TW, Noordeloos ME, 1995. Overzicht van de paddestoelen in Nederland. Nederlandse Mycologische Vereniging 871 pp.
Baciarelli-Falini L, Rubini A, Riccioni C, Paolocci F, 2006. Morphological and molecular analyses of ectomycorrhizal diversity in a man-made T. melanosporum plantation: description of novel truffle-like morphotypes. Mycorrhiza 16: 475-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-006-0066-5
Belfiori B, Riccioni C, Tempesta S, Pasqualetti M, Paolocci F, 2012. Comparison of ectomycorrhizal communities in natural and cultivated Tuber melanosporum truffle grounds. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 81: 547-561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01379.x
Benucci GMN, Raggi L, Albertini E, Grebenc T, Bencivenga M, Falcinelli M, Di Massimo G, 2011. Ectomycorrhizal communities in a productive Tuber aestivum Vittad. Orchard: composition, host influence and species replacement. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 76: 170-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01039.x
Bruns TD, 1995. Thoughts on the processes that maintain local species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 170: 63-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183055
Buée M, Maurice JP, Zeller B, Andrianarisoa S, Ranger J, Courtecuisse R, Marçais B, Le Tacon F, 2011. Influence of tree species on richness and diversity of epigeous fungal communities in a French temperate forest stand. Fungal Ecology 4: 22-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2010.07.003
Chevalier G, Frochot H, 1989. Ecology and possibility of culture in Europe of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber uncinatum Chatin). Agric Ecosyst Environ 28: 71-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(90)90016-7
Chevalier G, Grente J, 1979. Application pratique de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne: production á grande échelle de plants mycorhizés par la truffe (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.). Mushroom Science 10: 483-505.
Courty PE, Pritsch K, Schloter M, Hartmann A, Garbaye J, 2005. Activity profiling of ectomycorrhiza communities in two forest soils using multiple enzymatic tests. New Phytologist 167: 309- 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01401.x
Donnini D, Bencivenga M, 1995. Micorrize inquinanti frequenti nelle piante tartufigene. Nota 2-inquinanti in campo. Micologia Italiana 2: 185-207.
Donnini D, Baciarelli Falini L, Bencivenga M, 1999. Analisi della micorrizazione in tartufaie coltivate di Tuber melanosporumVittad. impiantate da oltre 12 anni in ambienti podologici diversi. Proceedings of the Vème Congrès International Scienze et Culture da la Truffe, 4-6 mars 1999, Aix-en-Provence, France, pp: 437-440.
Donnini D, Baciarelli-Falini L, Di Massimo G, Benucci GMN, Bencivenga M, 2008. Competizione o sinergia di funghi ectomicorrizici in tartufaie coltivate? Micologia Italiana 37(3): 47-51.
Garcia-Barreda S, Reyna S, 2012. Below-ground ectomycorrhizal community in natural Tuber melanosporum truffle grounds and dynamics after canopy opening. Mycorrhiza 22: 361-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0410-2
García-Montero LG, Manjón JL, Pascual C, García-Abril A, 2007. Ecological patterns of Tuber melanosporum and different Quercus Mediterranean forests: Quantitative production of truffles, burn size and soil studies. Forest Ecology and Management 242: 288-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.045
Glen M, Tommerup IC, Bougher NL, O'Brian PA, 2002. Are Sebacinaceae common and widespread ectomycorrhizal associates of Eucalyptus species in Australian forests? Mycorrhiza 12: 243-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-002-0180-y
González-Armada B, De Miguel M, Cavero R. 2010. Ectomycorrhizae and vascular plants growing in brulés as indicators of below and above ground microecology of black truffle production areas in Navarra (Northern Spain). Biodivers Conserv (2010) 19(14):3861-3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9935-5
Gryndler M, Hršelová H, Soukupová L, Streiblová E, Valda S, Borovička J, Gryndlerová H, Gažo J, Miko M, 2011. Detection of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) in ectomycorrhizae and in soil using specific primers. FEMS Microbiol Lett 318: 84-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02243.x
Hall I, Byars J, Brown G, 2001. The black truffle: its history, uses and cultivation. Reprint of second edition on cd rom plus booklet. New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Hall I, Yun W, Amicucci A, 2003. Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Trends in Biotechnology 21: 433-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00204-X
Hall, I., Brown, G., Zambonelli, A, 2007. Taming the Truffle. The history, lore, and science of the ultimate mushroom. Timber Press, Portland.
Hernández-Rodríguez M, Oria-de-Rueda JA, Martín-Pinto P, 2013. Post-fire fungal succession in a Mediterranean ecosystem dominated by Cistus ladanifer L. Forest Ecology and Management 289: 48-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.009
Iotti M, Lancellotti E, Hall I, Zambonelli A, 2010. The ectomycorrhizal community in natural Tuber borchii grounds. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 72: 250-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00844.x
Kennedy PG, Bruns TD, 2005. Priority effects determine the outcome of ectomycorrhizal competition between two Rhizopogon species colonizing Pinus muricata seedlings. New Phytologist 166: 631-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01355.x
Kennedy PG, Bergemann SE, Hortal S, Bruns T, 2007. Determining the outcome of field-based competition between two Rhizopogon species using real-time PCR. Molecular Ecology 16, 881-890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03191.x
Koide RT, Xu B, Sharda J, Ostiguy N, 2004. Evidence of species interactions within an ectomycorrhizal fungal community. New Phytologist 165: 305-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01216.x
Kõljalg U, Dahlberg A, Taylor AF, Larsson E, Hallenberg N, Stenlid J, Larsson KH, Fransson PM, Kårén O, Jonsson L, 2000. Diversity and abundance of resupinate thelephoroid fungi as ectomycorrhizal symbionts in Swedish boreal forests. Mol Ecol 9: 1985-1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01105.x
Kües U, Liu Y, 2000. Fruiting body production in basidiomycetes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 54: 141-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530000396
Leonardi M, Iotti M, Oddis M, Lalli G, Pacioni G, Leonardi P, Maccherini S, Perini C, Salerni E, Zambonelli A, 2013. Assessment of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the natural habitats of Tuber magnatum (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Mycorrhiza 23: 349-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-012-0474-7
Lilleskov EA, Bruns T, 2003. Root colonization dynamics of two ectomycorrhizal fungi of contrasting life history strategies are mediated by addition of organic nutrient patches. New Phytologist 159: 141-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00794.x
Magurran AE, 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Wiley Publishing, Oxford, UK. 256 pp.
Murat C, Vizzini A, Bonfante P, Mello A, 2005. Morphological and molecular typing of the below-ground fungal community in a natural Tuber magnatum truffle-ground. FEMS Microbiol Lett 245: 307-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.019
Oksanen J, Guillaume Blanchet F, Kindt R, Legendre P, O'Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Wagner H, 2011. Vegan: community ecology package. Version 1.17-9. Available from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/.
Oria-de-Rueda JA, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Martín-Pinto P, Pando V, Olaizola J, 2010. Could artificial reforestations provide as much production and diversity of fungal species as natural forest stands in marginal Mediterranean areas? Forest Ecology and Management 260: 171-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.009
Pennisi E, 2004. The Secret Life of Fungi. Science 304: 1620-1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.304.5677.1620
Pruett G, Bruhn J, Mihail J, 2008. Temporal dynamics of ectomycorrhizal community composition on root system of oak seedlings infected with Burgundy truffle. Mycological Research 112: 1344-1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.06.005
R Development Core Team, 2011. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Salerni E, Perini C, 2010. Macrofungal communities in Italian fir woods - short-term effects of silviculture and its implication for conservation. Cryptogamie Mycologie 31(3): 251-283.
Salerni E, Baglioni F, Mazzei T, Gardin L, Ciabatti F, Leonardi P, Vesprini J, Perini C, 2010. Efectos de las diversas técnicas culturales sobre la producción de Tuber aestivumVitt. y de Tuber melanosporumVitt. en dos plantaciones experimentales en Italia central. ZIZAK 7: 47-62.
Salerni E, Iotti M, Leonardi P, Zambonelli A, Perini C, 2011. Fungal biodiversity in a natural truffiére of Tuber magnatum. Proceedings of the XVI Congress of European Mycologists, Thessaloniki (Greece) September 19-23. pp 152-153.
Selosse MA, Bauer R, Moyersoen B, 2002. Basal hymenomycetes belonging to Sebacinaceae are ectomycorrhizal on temperate deciduous trees. New Phytologist 155: 183-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00442.x
Smith SE, Read DJ, 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Third ed. Academic Press, London, UK. 787 pp.
Song MS, Cao JZ, Yao YJ, 2005. Occurrence of Tuber aestivum in China. Mycotaxon 91: 75-80.
Tedersoo L, Suvi T, Larsson E, Kõljalg U, 2006. Diversity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in wooded meadow. Mycological Research 110: 734-748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.007
Tóth BB, Barta Z, 2010. Ecological studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi: an analysis of survey methods. Fungal Diversity 45(1): 3-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0052-2
Urban A, Weiß M, Bauer R, 2003. Ectomycorrhizae involving sebacinoid mycobionts. Mycological Research 107: 3-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756202007116
Van der Heijden EW, Kuyper TW, 2003. Ecological strategies of ectomycorrhizal fungi of Salix repens: root manipulation versus root replacement. Oikos 103: 668-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.10638.x
Vogt KA, Bloomfield J, Ammirati JF, Ammirati SR, 1992. Sporocarp production by basidiomycetes, with emphasis on forest ecosystems. In: Fungal Community: its organization and role in the ecosystem. (Caroll GC, Wicklow DT eds). The Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. pp: 563-581.
Zambonelli A, Iotti M, Rossi I, Hall I, 2000. Interactions between Tuber borchii and other ectomycorrhizal fungi in a field plantation. Mycological Research 104: 698-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756299001811
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
