Phytosanitary problems detected in black truffle cultivation. A review
Abstract
Aim of study: In black truffle plantations, many factors are driving the emergence of new pests and diseases which in forestry areas go unnoticed. Usually, the incidence of most of them is low. Nevertheless, in specific cases, some of them are capable of causing irreversible damage that could endanger the harvest or even tree survival.
Area of study: This paper presents an in-depth study of the pests and diseases more frequently associated with truffle plantations in the region of Aragón (Spain). Damages have been arranged into the main production stages: nursery, plantations and fruiting bodies.
Material and methods: The data used in this work come from the technical enquiries from truffle growers to researchers and technical staff, as well as from field visits undertaken by those work teams.
Sampling methodology has been carried out following standard procedures. Insects were collected with the traps commonly used in entomology works.
Main result: More than 50 damages have been described in this paper. Some of them are capable of weakening the plants and other can even kill them. Mycorrhizal competitor fungi have also been considered in this paper. These organisms do not cause real phytosanitary problems, but they can lead to important economic losses.
Research highlights: Researches, truffle hunters and managers must be alert in the face of the possible occurrence of potentially dangerous organisms. The final aim: being able to take action in an efficient way in the case of a pest outbreak.
Keywords: Tuber melanosporum; Quercus; parasites; pests; diseases.
Downloads
References
Agerer R, 2006. Fungal relationships and structural identity of their ectomycorrhizas. Mycol Prog 5: 67-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0505-x
Agerer R, Rambold G, 2004. DEEMY – An Information System for Characterization and Determination of Ectomycorrhizae. www.deemy.de – München, Germany. [5 January 2013].
Agrios G, 1998. Fitopatología. Ed Limusa, México. 838 pp.
Andivia E, Fernández M, Vázquez-Piqué J, Alejano R, 2012. Two provenances of Quercus ilex ssp. Ballota (Desf) Smp. nursery seedlings have different response to frost tolerance and autumn fertilization. Eur J Forest Res 131: 1091-1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-011-0578-1
Arzone A, 1971. Reperti ecologici ed etologici di Liodes cinnamomea Panzer vivente su Tuber melanosporum Vittadini (Coleoptera Staphylinoidea). Centro di Entomologia Alpina e Forestale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche 158: 317-357.
Ayres PG, Boddy L. (eds), 1986. Water, fungi and plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 413 pp.
Barriuso J, Martín M, Sánchez S, Palazón C, 2012. Plagas y enfermedades asociadas al cultivo de la trufa. In: Truficultura. Fundamentos y técnicas (2) (Reyna S, ed). Ed Mundi-Prensa, Madrid. pp: 275-301.
Bonal R, Muñoz A, Díaz M, 2007. Satiation of predispersal seed predators: the importance of considering both plant and seed levels. Evol Ecol 21: 367-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-006-9107-y
Casteels H, De Clercq R, 1988. Observations on weevil pests in nurseries. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 53: 1169-1174.
De Li-án C. (coord), 1998. Entomología agroforestal. Insectos y ácaros que da-an montes, cultivos y jardines. Ed Agrotécnicas SL. Espa-a. 1309 pp.
De Miguel AM, Águeda B, Sánchez S, Parladé J, 2014. Ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity and community structure with natural and cultivated truffle hosts: applying lessons learned to future truffle culture. Mycorrhiza.
De Román M, De Miguel AM, 2001. Identification and description of natural mycorrhizae in a potential truffleoccurring area in Navarra (Spain). Actes du V Congrès International Science et Culture de la Truffe, Aix-en-Provence, France. pp: 8.433-8.436.
De Román M, Boa E, 2004. Collection, marketing and cultivation of edible fungi in Spain. Micol Apl Int 16(2): 25-33.
Del Campo A, Navarro R, Ceacero C, 2010. Seedling quality and field performance of commercial stocklots of containerized holm oak (Quercus ilex) in Mediterranean Spain: an approach for establishing a quality standard. New Forests 39(1): 19-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-009-9152-9
Du Merle P, 1998. Egg development and diapause: ecophysiological and genetic basis of phenological polymorphism and adaptation to varied hosts in the green oak tortrix, Tortrix viridiana L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J Insect Physiol 45: 599-611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00045-1
Etayo ML, De Miguel AM, De Román M, 1999. Ectomycorrhizae occurring in hazel (Corylus avellana L.), oak (Quercus faginea Lam.) and evergreen oak [Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.] in a cultivated bed along 4 sampling years. Publicaciones de biología. Universidad de Navarra. Serie botánica 12: 13-22.
Frago E, Guara M, Pujade-Villar J, Selfa J, 2010. Winter feeding leads to a shifted phenology in the browntail moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea on the Evergreen strawberry tree Arbutus unedo. Agr forest entomol 12: 381-388.
Frank JL, Anglin S, Carrington EM, Taylor DS, Viratos B, Southworth D, 2008. Rodent dispersal of fungal spores promotes seedling establishment away from mycorrhizal networks on Quercus garryana. Botany 87(9): 821-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/B09-044
Fraval A, 1998. Encyclopédie des ravageurs européens [on line]. HYPPZ, HYP3. INRA, (France). Available in http://www7.inra.fr/hyppz/ [4 February 2014].
Garcia-Barreda S, 2011. Avances en la selvicultura de bosques mediterráneos productores de trufa negra. Doctoral thesis. Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
García-Marí F, Costa J, Ferragut F, Laborda R, 1989. Plagas agrícolas. Ácaros e insectos exopterigotos. Departamento de producción vegetal, Universidad politécnica Valencia (Spain), Servicio de publicaciones. 209 pp.
Gnaneswaran S, Wijayagunesakara NP, 1999. Survey and identification of insects pests of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) culture in central province of Sri Lanka. Trop Agr Res Ext 2(1): 21-25.
Hall I, Brown G, Zambonelli A, 2007. Taming the truffle: The history, lore, and science of the ultimate mushroom. Timber Press. 304 pp.
Malumphy CP, 2008. First british outbreak of Kermes vermilio Planchon (Hemiptera: Kermesidae), a mediterranean pest of evergreen oaks. Brit J Entomol Nat Hist 21: 75-79.
Martín-Bernal E, Hernández-Alonso R, Ibarra N, Pérez-Fortea V, Cañada JF, 2002. Cochinillas de las encinas. Kermes vermilio Planch. Hemíptero. Fam. Kermesidae. In: La sanidad forestal en Aragón: 20 a-os de informaciones técnicas: 1985-2005. Gobierno de Aragón (Spain), Departamento de Medio Ambiente. pp: 157-160.
Martín M, Sánchez S, Batlle A, Laviña A, Barriuso J, 2012. First identification of the pathogen causing tumor malformations of evergreen oaks in Spain. In 1st International Congress of Trufficulture. 5-8 March, 2013. Teruel, Spain. Submitted to Forest Syst.
Mollá S, Villar P, Peñuelas JL, García-Fayos P, 2003. Influencia de la localización del vivero sobre la resistencia a la helada y el desarrollo en campo de Quercus ilex spp. ballota L. Montes 74: 23-30.
Moralejo E, García-Muñoz JA, Descals E, 2009. Susceptibility of Iberian trees of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Pathol 58(2): 2071- 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01956.x
Nieves-Aldrey JL, 1998. Insectos que inducen la formación de agallas en las plantas: una fascinante interacción ecológica y evolutiva. Boletín sociedad entomología aragonesa. CSIC 23: 3-12.
Ono K, 1970. Effect of soil condition on the occurrence of Armillaria root rot of Japanese larch. Bull Govt Forest Exp. No, 299, Tokyo, Japan.
Pacioni G, Bologna MA, Laurenzi M, 1991. Insect attraction by Tuber: a chemical explanation. Mycol Res 95(12): 1359-1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80385-7
Perez-Izquierdo L, Pulido F, 2013. Spatiotemporal variation in acorn production and damage in a Spanish holm oak (Quercus ilex) dehesa. Forest Syst 22(1): 106-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2013221-03328
Pradel L, 1914. Manuel de Trufficulture. JB Baillière El fils, Paris, France.156 pp.
Reyna S, De Miguel AM, Palazón C, Honrubia M, Ágreda T, Águeda B, García-Barreda S, Martín-Santafé M, Moreno-Arroyo B, Oliach D, Sánchez S, Barriuso JJ, 2013. Spanish trufficulture. In 1st International Congress of Trufficulture. 5-8 March, 2013. Teruel, Spain.
Reyna S (ed). Truficultura. Fundamentos y Técnicas (2), 2012. Ed Mundi-Prensa, Madrid (Spain). 720 pp.
Reyna S, Gacia-Barreda S, Folch L, 2006. Influencia del uso del suelo sobre el potencial de inóculo ectomicorrícico y a competitividad de las ectomicorrizas de Tuber melanosporum: evaluacion mediante bioensayos en invernadero. Inv Agrar: Sist Rec For 15(3): 308-320.
Rivera CS, Blanco C, Oria R, Venturini ME, 2010. Diversity of culturable microorganisms and occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in Tuber aestivum and Tuber melanosporum ascocarps. Food Microbiol 27: 286-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2009.11.001
Rubini A, Belfiori B, Passeri V, Baciarelli Falini L, Arcioni S, Riccioni C, Paolocci F, 2011. The AD-type ectomycorrhizas, one of the most common morphotypes present in truffle fields, result from fungi belonging to the Trichophaea woolhopeia species complex. Mycorrhiza 21: 17-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-010-0308-4
Sánchez ME, Caetano P, Ferraz J, Trapero A, 2002. Phytophthora disease of Quercus ilex in South-western Spain. Forest Pathol 32(1): 5-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00261.x
Sánchez S, 2012. Ectomicorrizas en el cultivo de trufa negra: ecología, diversidad y gestión. Doctoral thesis. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Sánchez S, Gómez E, Martín M, De Miguel AM, Urban A, Barriuso J, 2014. Experiments on the life cycle and factors affecting reproduction of Sphaerosporella brunnea provide evidence for rapid asexual propagation by conidiospores and for homothallism in an ectomycorrhizal competitor of cultivated truffle species. Fungal Ecology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2013.12.003
Schultz JC, Lechowicz MJ, 1986. Host plant, larval age and feeding behavior influence midgut pH in the gipsy moth (Lymanrtia dispar). Oecologia 71: 133-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377332
Soria FJ, Cano E, Ocete ME, 1996. Efectos del ataque de fitófagos perforadores en el fruto de la encina (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.) Bol San Veg. Plagas 22: 427-432.
Soria S, López MM, Lopez-Lopez MJ, 1997. Presencia, sintomatología y da-os de Erwinia quercina en Espa-a y su posible relación con la "seca de la encina". Ecología 11: 295-301.
Spodek M, Ben-Dov Y, 2012. Morphology of the f irstinstar nymph and adult female of Kermes echinatus Balachowsky, with a comparision to K. vermilio Planchon (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae). ZooKeys 246: 11-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3766
Torres-Vila LM, Cruces E, Sánchez, A, Ferrero JJ, Ponce F, Martín D, Aza C, Rodríguez F, Barrena F, 2008. Dinámica poblacional y da-os de Curculio elephas Gyllenhal (Col.: Curculionidae), Cydia fagiglandana Zeller, Cydia triangulilla Goeze y Pammene fasciana L. (Lep.: Tortricidar) sobre Quercus y Castanea en Extremadura. Bol San Veg. Plagas 34: 329-341.
Townes H, 1972. A light weight malaise trap. Entomological News 83: 239-247.
University of California, Agriculture & Natural Resources, 2013. UC-IPM [on line] http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/. [4 February 2014].
Zambonelli A, 1993. Effect of treatments against Quercus powdery mildew on the formation of mycorrhiza of Tuber albidum and Tuber aestivum. Informatore Fitopatologico 43(2): 59-62.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
