Modeling surface fire rate of spread within a thinned Anatolian black pine stand in Turkey
Abstract
Aim of the study: To develop regression models for estimating the rate of surface fire spread in a thinned even-aged black pine stand (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. nigra var. caramanica (Loudon) Rehder).
Area of the study: The study was carried out within a thinned black pine forest located in the Kastamonu Forest District, northwestern Turkey. The study area is located at 546819, 4577880 UTM.
Material and methods: A total of 33 small scale surface fires were ignited under varying weather and fuel conditions. Line ignition was used during the burnings. Surface fuels consisted generally of thinned material (needle+branches).
Main results: Within the stand, surface fuel loading ranged from 3.0 to 10.2 kg/m2. Wind speed ranged from 0.3 to 8.4 km/h. Needle moisture content ranged from 8 to 15%. The rate of fire spread ranged from 0.47 to 6.92 m/min. Relationships between the rate of fire spread and fuel and weather conditions were determined through regression analyses.
Research highlights: Wind speed was the most important factor on the rate of fire spread and explained 85% of the observed variation in the surface fire rate of spread within a stand.
Downloads
References
Alexander ME, Lanoville RA, 2004. The international crown fire modelling experiment fuel treatment trials. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol Conf Proc 22: 222.
Bilgili E, Methven IR, 1994. A dynamic fuel model for use in managed even-aged stands. Int J Wildland Fire 4 (3): 177-185. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9940177
Bilgili E, 2003. Stand development and fire behavior. Forest Ecol Manag 179 (1-3): 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00550-9
Bilgili E, Dinc Durmaz B, Saglam B, Kucuk O, Baysal I, 2006. Fire behavior in immature Calabrian pine plantations. Forest Ecol Manag 234S: S77-S112.
Dimitrakopoulos AP, 2002. Mediterranean fuel models and potential fire behavior in Greece. Int J Wildland Fire 11 (2): 127-130. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF02018
Dupuy JL, Marechal J, Portier D, Valette JC, 2011. The effects of slope and fuel bed width on laboratory fire behaviour. Int J Wildland Fire 20 (2): 272-288. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF09075
Fernandes PM, Rigolot E, 2007. The fire ecology and management of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Forest Ecol Manag 241: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.010
Fernandes PM, 2009. Examining fuel treatment longevity through experimental and simulated surface fire behaviour: A maritime pine case study. Can J For Res 39 (12): 2529-2535. https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-145
Fernandes PM, Botelho HS, Rego FC, Loureiro C, 2009. Empirical modelling of surface fire behaviour in maritime pine stands. Int J Wildland Fire18 (6): 698-710. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF08023
Fernandes PM, 2014. Upscaling the estimation of surface-fire rate of spread in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) forest. iForest 7: 123-125.
GDF, 2014. Turkish Forest Inventory. General Directory of Forestry, Ankara. [In Turkish].
Graham R, Harvey A, Jain T, Tonn J, 1999. Effects of thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in western forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-463. P 37.
Kucuk O, Bilgili E, Baysal I, 2007. Fire development from a point source in surface fuels of a mature Anatolian black pine stand. Turk J Agric For 31 (4): 263-273.
Küçük Ö, Bilgili E, Sağlam B, 2008a. Estimating crown fuel loading for Calabrian pine and Anatolian black pine. Int J Wildland Fire 17 (1): 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF06092
Küçük Ö, Bilgili E, Sağlam B, Başkaya Ş, Durmaz B, 2008b. Some parameters affecting fire behavior in Anatolian black pine slash. Turk J Agric For 32 (2): 121-129.
Kucuk O, Bilgili E, Bulut S, Fernandes M, 2012. Rates of surface fire spread in a young Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) plantation. Environ Eng Manag J 11 (8): 1475-1480.
Kucuk O, Bilgili E, Fernandes PM, 2015. Fuel modeling and potential fire behavior in Turkey. Sumarski list (11-12): 553-560.
Kucuk O, Aktepe N, 2017. Effect of phenolic compounds on the flammability in forest fires. Int J Eng Sci Technol Sci 6 (4): 320-327.
Kucuk O, Topaloglu O, Altunel AO, Cetin M, 2017. Visibility analysis of fire lookout towers in the Boyabat State Forest Enterprise in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 189: 329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6008-1
Morandini F, Santoni PA, Balbi JH, 2001. Fire front width effects on fire spread across a laboratory scale sloping fuel bed. Combust Sci Technol 166 (1): 67-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200108907820
Morvan D, 2014. Wind effects, unsteady behaviors, and regimes of propagation of surface fires in open field. Combust Sci Tech l186 (7): 869-888. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2014.885961
Sprugel DG, 1983. Correcting for bias in log-transformed allometric equations. Ecology 64 (1): 209-210. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937343
SPSS, 2016. Statistical Package For Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 for Windows. SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA.
Stocks BJ, Alexander ME, Wotton BM, Stefner CN, Flannigan MD, Taylor SW, Lavoie N, Mason JA, Hartley GR, Maffey ME, et al., 2004. Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine - black spruce forest. Can J For 34 (8): 1548-1560. https://doi.org/10.1139/x04-054
Sullivan AL, 2009. Wildland surface fire spread modeling, 1990-2007. 2. Empirical and quasi-empirical models. Int J Wildland Fire 18 (4): 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF06142
Van Wagner CE, 1993. Prediction of crown fire in two stands of jack pine. Can J For 23 (3): 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-062
Wotton BM, McAlpine RS, Hobbs MW, 1999. The effect of fire front width on surface fire behaviour. Int J Wildland Fire 9 (4): 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF00021
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
