A new species of Echthistatus Pascoe, 1862 and considerations on synonymy of Edechthistatus Monné, 2006 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).

Echthistatus cobosi new species is described based on two males from Celaque Mountain (Honduras) and one female from Chiapas (Mexico). Edechthistatus Monne, 2006 (a replacement name to Parechthistatus Giesbert, 2001) is considered a synonym of Echthistatus . The identification of the specimen figured in Chemsak & Linsley (1983) as Echthistatus spinosus Pascoe, 1862 is questioned. A key to the species of Echthistatus is added.


Introduction
Parmenini Mulsant, 1839 is a somewhat small tribe of Lamiinae (Cerambycidae) represented in the Americas by 21 genera (nearly all monotypic) and 30 species (Monné and Monné, 2008;Monné and Bezark, 2009). According to the website «Lamiares du Monde» (http://www.lamiinae.org), Parmenini comprises 84 genera and 236 species distributed throughout the world, being better represented in the Oriental Region (Oriental and Oceanian), where 179 species occur. All known specimens of Echthistatus have been found in high altitude forests of Central America and Mexico.

Material and methods
The holotype (Fig. 1) and paratype males of the new species were collected by Guillermo Cobos at 2,550 m at Celaque Mountain (Lempira, Honduras). According to the collector, since it was very cold (2°C) he gathered some fallen branches and lighted a campfire. From inside the campfire two specimens left running, were collected and placed in 70% ethanol.
The paratype female of the new species (Fig. 2) was collected in Mexico (Chiapas) by beating vegetation in a cloud forest, during an expedition of a program to gather knowledge of the arthropod fauna in Meso-america (LLAMA-Leaf Litter Arthropods of Mesoamerica).

c) d)
Australian, though he listed the type-locality of spinosus as questionable. Thomson (1864Thomson ( , 1867 and McKeown (1947) recorded E. spinosus as occurring in Australia while other authors (Lacordaire, 1869;Aurivillius, 1922;Breuning, 1950Breuning, , 1961 indicated the type-locality with a question mark. In essence, E. spinosus has generally been regarded as an Australian species in spite of the fact that Pascoe indicated in his discussion of the genus that the specimen, belonging to Major Parry, was taken from a box of Mexican insects. The collection of five specimens of E. spinosus from Mexico confirms its occurrence in that fauna». However, Pascoe (1865) recorded the species from Mexico: «Mexico and Texas have Moneilema and Echthistatus, and California has Ipochus». Giesbert (2001) described Parechthistatus to allocate P. hawksi (Fig. 6) from Honduras, and recorded: «Parechthistatus may be separated from that distinctive genus (Echthistatus Pascoe, 1862) by the lateral position of the posthumeral elytral spines (discal in Echthistatus), which are also less gibbose at their base, the less prominent discal tubercles of the pronotum, the straight form of the tibiae, and the lack of antennal and tibial annulations». However, the position of the «posthumeral elytral spines» (= elytral gibbosities) is somewhat variable, as observed in Echthistatus cobosi new species, in which the gibbosities are placed more distant from the humeri than in E. hawksi. Giesbert (2001) also used the annulation of antennae as distinction between Echthistatus and Parechthistatus, but we consider this character is specific and not generic. Echthistatus cobosi new species has this annulation weakly visible or distinctly visible. Thus, not only does E. cobosi new species bear this distinctive annulation but this feature itself happens to be utterly visible. Thus, apparently, there is only a single character that differentiates the above discussed genera from each other: the tibial form (very narrow in Chemsak and Linsley, 1983).
Pascoe (1862) presented the following diagnoses to Echthistatus: «Head convex in front; eyes oblong, scarcely emarginated. Antennae setaceous, longer than the body, arising from two diverging tubercles, the basal joint robust and longest, the third with the remainder sub-equal. Epistome and labrum small, narrow. Palps slender, the last joint obliquely truncate. Prothorax transverse, strongly spined at the side. Elytra short, ovato-conical, each with a nearly central elevated spine, the humeral angle extending beyond the base of the prothorax. Legs long, robust, femora not clavate. Tarsi with the basal joint nearly as long as the two next together. Prosternum toothed».
We carefully examined the descriptions and drawings in Pascoe (1862) and Chemsak and Linsley (1983) (Figs. 3, 4 and 5) and then made comparisons with the newly described species. We did not understand how the antennae and tibiae in the male and female of Pascoe's species could be so different, while in the new species that apparently belonged to a genus very similar in many features; they are practically identical in the form.
To be sure on the form of the antennae and legs in the holotype of E. spinosus, we requested Sharon Shute (BMNH), to compare the new species with the holotype of E. spinosus (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). The details of the holotype of E. spinosus (Sharon Shute, personal communication) confirm the differences among this species, E. cobosi new species and E. hawksi. Likewise, this information evidences the differences between the holotype of E. spinosus and the figure of Chemsak & Linsley (1983). This suggests that the specimen figured by Chemsak and Linsley (1983) belong to another species.
Additionally we examined a photograph of a specimen deposited at EMEC, apparently female (available at http://plant.cdfa.ca.gov/byciddb) and identified by Chemsak as E. spinosus, that does not agree with the New species of Echthistatus Pascoe, 1862 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 103 drawing in Chemsak and Linsley (1983). This specimen has the antennae very similar to that of the holotype male figured in Pascoe (1862). This suggested that the female figured in Chemsak and Linsley (1983) belonged to a different species. Cheryl Barr (EMEC) sent photos of two females deposited at EMEC, identified one of them by Chemsak as E. spinosus; the same f igured in http://plant. cdfa.ca.gov/byciddb. Those females agree very well with the holotype male, and show the same kind of difference between the sexes, that occurs in the new species here described. Additionally, Robert Anderson and François Génier (CMNC) also sent photos of one male and two females of E. spinosus, from Mexico (Oaxaca), that also agree with the holotype of that species, but do not agree with the figure in Chemsak & Linsley (1983). Finally, we examined photo of another male deposited at FSCA, sent by Michael C. Thomas.
We do not know what the female in Chemsak & Linsley (1983) is, but we believe that even if it really is not E. spinosus, the differences in the form of legs and antennae, alone, do not allow separating it in another genus.
We have not found any character that allows separating Edechthistatus from Echthistatus, mainly because the characters pointed out by Giesbert (2001) are not present in the type-species of Echthistatus («straight form of the tibiae», assuming that they are curved in Echthistatus), or they are specif ic and not generic («lack of antennal and tibial annulations»), or because they are variable in the genus («position of the posthumeral elytral spines»). Based on these considerations, we consider Edechthistatus a synonym of Echthistatus.

Diagnosis
The following combination of morphological characters, outstanding shape and position of conical gibbosities, elytral punctation and design, distinguish this species from the related Echthistatus hawksi (Giesbert, 2001).

Description
Male (Fig. 1). Integument black; antennomeres IV-XI dark-brown with blackish apex. Frons convex, with a wide plate «V»-like, whose base is close to clypeus and apices at base of antennal tubercles. Eyes strongly emarginate. Upper ocular lobes, each one placed on a rather distinct swelling in relation to the area between and behind them; largest width approximately equal to 0.7 times the basal width of antennomere III; distance between the lobes about 2 times the basal width of antennomere III. Largest width of lower ocular lobes from 1.1 to 1.2 times the basal width of antennomere III; distance between the lobes from 5.4 to 5.5 times the basal width of antennomere III. Antennal tubercles strongly elevated; apex projected and rounded; each other closer than the middle of basal width of antennomere III. Genae strongly detached in relation to occiput; apex rounded. Gula smooth and glabrous. Hypostomal area with transverse furrow, wide and deep, that interconnects to occiput at same depth, and together form an arch. Ochreous pubescence of head, with a more yellowish fringe bordering eyes, covers all dorsal surface and genae, except a glabrous narrow band (Figs. 1c, 1d) that occurs between upper ocular lobes and antennal tubercles. Same type of pubescence borders lower ocular lobes and continues down towards point of insertion of clypeus, and farther on until bordering genal apex, while nearly fusing to the glabrous band placed on hypostomal area close to the anterior elevation. Dorsal surface shows spots bearing sparse, long and erect hairs. Clypeus about four times wider than long, smooth, glabrous, and with long and decumbent pilosity at anterior border. Labrum with convex shape at basal 3/4, and tilted down at the apical fourth; anterior margin emarginated and with dense brush; dorsal pilosity long and decumbent, more concentrated at posterior third. Apical palpomere of maxillary and labial palpi fusiform. Mandibles approximately as long as 0.6 times the distance between lower ocular lobes; dorsal surface finely and abundantly punctate, and with pilosity short, decumbent and concentrated on a longitudinal band that does not reach apex; inner margin of left mandible with small tooth near apical curvature, preceded by wide and accentuated concavity; inner margin of right mandible without teeth, and with concavity wide and little accentuated; outer face with pilosity decumbent and abundant, and punctation fine and abundant up to the apical curvature; apex vertical in relation to the dorsal axis, bifid in the left mandible and weakly bifid in the right mandible. Antennae as long as 2.1 or 2.4 times the body length (measured between the apex of antennal tubercles and elytral apex); antennomeres covered by ochreous pubescence; scape thick, weakly enlarged towards apex (largest width equal to about 1.5 times the basal width), slightly longer than antennomere III; antennomere III from 4.4 to 4.5 times longer than pedicel and from 1.1 to 1.2 times longer than antennomere IV; antennomere IV 1.1 times longer than V; antennomeres V-VII subequal in length; antennomeres VIII-IX subequal in length and about 0.9 times the length of antennomere VII; antennomeres X-XI subequal in length and about 0.9 times the length of antennomere IX.
New species of Echthistatus Pascoe, 1862 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Prothorax weakly longitudinal (without lateral tubercles and spines); each side with large tubercle provided with large spine slightly pointed upwards; pubescence abundant, ochreous with some areas moderately golden. Central region of pronotal disc strongly elevated, topped by three tubercles: two antero-lateral, large and conical; another on middle of base, with apex almost flat; area before and after discal elevation with transverse furrow, wide and not deep. Prosternum strongly elevated at central region. Prosternal process moderately wide, with apex projected and rounded. Procoxal cavities closed posteriorly. Mesosternal process with elongated tubercle. Metasternum strongly reduced, laterally little longer than ventrite I; central area, between the meso-and metacoxae, shaping an inverted «V». Pro-and mesosternum with abundant ochreous pubescence. Metepisterna narrow, with abundant ochraceous pubescence. Scutellum longitudinally sulcate in middle; pubescence moderately sparse and with fringe at lateral and apical margins. Elytra strongly narrowed towards apex; basal third with a large and conical gibbosity, very acute apically, slightly directed backwards and outwards; tubercles (except the apex that is as a spine) and area before them with coarse granules, scattered and well marked (each granule preceded by a coarse and deep puncture); remaining surface coarsely, deeply and sparsely punctate; pubescence ochreous, with golden areas (mainly between the tubercles), and irregular bands of yellowish pubescence; outer apical angle provided with moderately short and thick spine; sutural angle projected; humeri with short spine, projected forward and outward.
Process of ventrite I (Fig. 1b) strongly projected to the inside of emarginated area of metathorax and with apex outstanding; ventrite I, laterally, 1.2 times longer than ventrite II; ventrite II about 1.3 times longer than ventrites III to V individually; ventrite V weakly rounded at apex; pubescence abundant, decumbent and ochreous, with some areas more golden, interspersed by long, erect and sparse hairs. Forelegs with length subequal to the body; middle legs about 1.1 times longer than body; hind legs about 1.2 times longer than body; femurs weakly fusiform; tibiae moderately enlarged towards apex; tarsomere I slightly shorter than II-III together. General pubescence of legs ochreous with some areas more golden.