Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on fruit yield and essential oil of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of different organic and biological fertilizers on quantity and quality of fennel essential
oil, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The experimental
treatments included two organic (compost and vermicompost) and two biological (Pseudomonas putida and Azotobacter
chroococcum) fertilizers, their all twin combinations (Ps. putida + A. chroococcum, Ps. putida + compost, Ps. putida + vermicompost, A. chroococcum + compost, A. chroococcum + vermicompost and compost + vermicompost) and control (non fertilized). There were significant differences between treatments in terms of seed essential oil percentage, essential oil yield; anethole, fenchone, limonene and stragole content in seed essential oil. Results showed that the highest and the lowest percentages of essential oil were obtained in control (2.9%) and A. chroococcum + vermicompost (2.2%) treatments, respectively. The highest essential oil yield (29.9 L ha–1) and anethole content of essential oil (69.7%) and the lowest contents of fenchone (6.14%), limonene (4.84%) and estragole (2.78%) in essential oil were obtained in compost + vermicompost treatment. It seems that compost + vermicompost treatment compared to other treatments supplied the highest equilibrium of nutrients and water in the root zone of sweet fennel which is led to increasing the anethole content, there upon, decreasing other compounds. Essential oil yield and percentage of anethole content in essential oil were significantly higher in all organic and biological treatments compared with control.
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References
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Clevenger J.H., 1928. Apparatus for the determination of volatile oil. J Am Pharm Assoc 17, 346.
Darzi M.T., Ghalavand A., Sefidkon F., Rejali F., 2009. The effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphatic biofertilizer application on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian J Medic Aromatic Plants 24, 396-413. [In Persian].
Gharib F.A., Moussa L.A., Massoud O.N., 2008. Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. Int J Agr Biol 10, 381-387.
Ghost B.C., Bhat R., 1998. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields. Environ Pollut 102, 123-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80024-9
Abdelaziz M., Pokluda R., Abdelwahab M., 2007. Influence of compost, microorganisms and NPK fertilizer upon growth, chemical composition and essentioal oil production of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Not Bot Hort Agrobot Cluj 35, 86-90.
Adams R.P., 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, 4th ed. Allured Publ, Carol Stream, ILL, USA.
Akbarinia A., Ghalavand A., Sefidkon F., Rezaee M.B., Sharifi A., 2003. Study on the effect of different rates of chemical fertilizer, manure and mixture of them on seed yield and main, compositions of essential oil of Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum). Iranian Research and Development 61, 32-41. [In Persian].
Amin I.S., 1997. Effect of bio and chemical fertilization on growth and production of Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare and Carum carvi plants. Ann Agric Sci Moshtohor 35, 2327-2334.
Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A.A., Khanuja S.P.S., 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 36, 1737-1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200062434
Atiyeh R.M., Subler S., Edwards C.A., Bachman G., Metzger J.D., Shuster W., 2000. Effects of vermicomposts and compost on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia 44, 579-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70073-6
Banchio E., Bogino P.C., Zygadlo J., Giordano W., 2008. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improve growth and essential oil yield in Origanum majorana L. Biochem Syst Ecol 36, 766-771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2008.08.006
Badran F.S., Safwat M.S., 2004. Response of fennel plants to organic manure and bio-fertilizers in replacement of chemical fertilization. Egyptian J Agric Res 82, 247-256.
Clevenger J.H., 1928. Apparatus for the determination of volatile oil. J Am Pharm Assoc 17, 346.
Darzi M.T., Ghalavand A., Sefidkon F., Rejali F., 2009. The effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphatic biofertilizer application on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian J Medic Aromatic Plants 24, 396-413. [In Persian].
Gharib F.A., Moussa L.A., Massoud O.N., 2008. Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. Int J Agr Biol 10, 381-387.
Ghost B.C., Bhat R., 1998. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields. Environ Pollut 102, 123-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80024-9
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