Canopy structure, light interception, and photosynthetic characteristics under different narrow-wide planting patterns in maize at silking stage
Abstract
Planting pattern affects canopy structure of crops and influences other physiological characteristics such as light interception and radiation use efficiency. In the current paper, the effects of planting patterns on the canopy structure, light interception, and photosynthetic characteristics at silking stage of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (Beiyu288 and Xianyu 335) were examined in three planting patterns narrow–wide rows of (1) 30 cm + 170 cm (P1, 6.4 plants m–2), and (2) 40 cm+90 cm (P2, 6.4 plants m–2), and uniform row of 65 cm (control, i.e. CK, 6.4 plants m–2). The ratio of leaves perpendicular to rows was highest in P1 and the leaf orientation value in P1 was constant and slightly lower in P2 compared with that in CK. Although a decrease in the total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) of P1 was found in the two cultivars, more incoming PAR was detected at the middle-low canopy strata of P1. The apparent quantum yield and the net photosynthesis rate (PN) in P1 and P2 were significantly higher than those in CK. The PN and stomatal conductance (gs) values in P1 were significantly higher than those in CK, and the intercellular CO2 concentration decreased with an increase in PN. These results indicated that narrow-wide row planting patterns improved the canopy structure, allowed more IPAR to reach the middle–low strata of the canopy, and enhanced the leaf photosynthetic characteristics of maize crops at silking stage compared with CK.
Downloads
References
Andrade F.H., Calvino P., Cirilo A., Barbieri P., 2002. Yield responses to narrow rows depend on increased radiation interception. Agron J 94, 975-980. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0975
Bjorkman O., Holmgren P., 1966. Photosynthetic adaptation to light intensity in plants native to shaded and exposed habitats. Physiol Plantarum 19, 854-860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1966.tb07074.x
Boonman A., Anten N.P.R., Dueck T.A., Jordi W., Van Der Werf A., Voesenek L., Pons T.L., 2006. Functional significance of shade-induced leaf senescence in dense canopies: an experimental test using transgenic tobacco. Am Nat 168, 597-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/508633
Dickmann D.I., Michael D.A., Isebrands J.G., Westin S., 1990. Effects of leaf display on light interception and apparent photosynthesis in 2 contrasting populus cultivars during their 2nd growing-season. Tree Physiol 7, 7-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/7.1-2-3-4.7
Elmore R.W., Marx D.B., Klein R.G., Abendroth L.J., 2005. Wind effect on corn leaf azimuth. Crop Sci 45, 2598-2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0586
Farquhar G.D., Sharkey T.D., 1982. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 33, 317-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.33.060182.001533
Flenet F., Kiniry J.R., Board J.E., Westgate M.E., Reicosky D.C., 1996. Row spacing effects on light extinction coefficients of corn, sorghum, soybean, and sunflower. Agron J 88, 185-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800020011x
Gallo K.P., Daughtry C.S.T., 1986. Techniques for measuring intercepted and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in corn canopies. Agron J 78, 752-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800040039x
Girardin P., Tollenaar M., 1994. Effects of intraspecific interference on maize leaf azimuth. Crop Sci 34, 151-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010027x
Guo J., Guo X.Y., Wang J.H., Zhang F.L., 2005. Characteristic parameters of light responses of corn varieties with different plant shapes. Acta Bot Boreal-Occidentsin 25, 1612-1617.
Hodges T., Evans D.W., 1990. Light interception model for estimating the effects of row spacing on plant competition in maize. J Prod Agric 3, 190-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1990.0190
ISHIDA A., TOMA T., MARJENAH 1999. Leaf gas exchange and cholorphyll fluorescence in relation to leaf angle, azimuth, and cano,py position in the tropical pioneer tree, macaranga conifera. Tree Physiol 19, 117-124.
Jia S.F., Dong S.T., Wang K.J., 2007. Effects of weak light stress on grain yield and photosynthetic traits of maize. Chinese J Appl Ecol 18(11), 2456-2461 [In Chinese].
Kasperbauer M.J., Karlen D.L., 1994. Plant spacing and reflected far-red light effects on phytochrome-regulated photosynthate allocation in corn seedlings. Crop Sci 34, 1564-1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400060027x
Kiniry J.R., Bean B., Xie Y., Chen P.Y., 2004. Maize yield potential: Critical processes and simulation modeling in a high-yielding environment. Agric Syst 82, 45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2003.11.006
Leakey A.D., Uribelarrea M., 2006. Photosynthesis, producitivity, and yield of maize are not affected by open-air elevation of CO2 concentration in the absence of drought. Plant Physiol 140, 779-790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.073957
Leuning R., Wang Y.P., Cromer R.N., 1991. Model simulations of spatial distributions and daily totals of photosynthesis in eucalyptus grandis canopies. Oecologia 88, 494-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317711
Maddonni G., Chelle M., Drouet J.L., Andrieu B., 2001a. Light interception of contrasting azimuth canopies under square and rectangular plant spatial distributions: Simulations and crop measurements. Field Crop Res 70, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00144-1
Maddonni G.A., Otegui M.E., Cirilo A.G., 2001b. Plant population density, row spacing and hybrid effects on maize canopy architecture and light attenuation. Field Crop Res 71, 183-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00158-7
Maddonni G.A., Otegui M.E., Andrieu B., Chelle M., Casal J.J., 2002. Maize leaves turn away from neighbors. Plant Physiol 130, 1181-1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.009738
Maddonni G.A., Cirilo A.G., Otegui M.E., 2006. Row width and maize grain yield. Agron J 98, 1532-1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0038
Maroco J. P., Gerald E. E., Maurice S.B., 1999. Photosynthetic acclimation of maize to growth under elevated levels of carbon dioxide. Planta 210, 115-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050660
Monsi M., Saeki T., 1953. Über den Lichtfaktor in den Pflanzengesellschaften und seine Bedeutung für die Stoffproduktion. Jpn J Bot 14, 22-52.
MONTGOMERY E.C., 1911. Correlation studies in corn. In: Annual Report no.24, Nebraska Agric Exp, Stn. Lincoln, NE, USA. pp. 108-159.
Niinemets U., 2007. Photosynthesis and resource distribution through plant canopies. Plant Cell Environ 30, 1052-1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01683.x
Pepper G.E., Pearcer B., 1977.Leaf orientation and yield of maize. Crop Sci 17, 883-886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1977.0011183X001700060017x
Rajcan I., Chandler K.J., Swanton C.J., 2004. Red-far-red ratio of reflected light: a hypothesis of why early-season weed control is important in corn. Weed Sci 52, 774-778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-03-158R
Rey P., Eymery F., Peltier G., 1990. Effects of CO2-enrichment and of aminoacetonitrile on growth and photosynthesis of photoautotrophic calli of nicotiana-plumbaginifolia. Plant Physiol 93, 549-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.93.2.549
Smith H.,Whitelam G.C., 1997. The shade avoidance syndrome: multiple responses mediated by multiple phytochromes. Plant Cell Environ 20, 840-844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-104.x
Tharakan P.J., Volk T.A., Nowak C.A., Ofezu G.J., 2008. Assessment of canopy structure, light interception, and light-use efficiency of first year regrowth of shrub willow (Salix sp.). Bioenergy Res 1, 229-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9023-9
Trouwborst G., Oosterkamp J., Hogewoning S.W., Harbinson J., Van Ieperen W., 2010. The responses of light interception, photosynthesis and fruit yield of cucumber to led-lighting within the canopy. Physiol Plantarum 138, 289-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01333.x
Watiki J.M., Fukai S., Banda J.A., Keating B.A., 1993. Radiation interception and growth of maize/cowpea intercrop as affected by maize plant density and cowpea cultivar. Field Crop Res 35, 123-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90145-D
Westgate M.E., Forcella F., Reicosky D.C., Somsen J., 1997. Rapid canopy closure for maize production in the northern US corn belt: radiation-use efficiency and grain yield. Field Crop Res 49, 249-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(96)01055-6
Widdicombe W.D., Thelen K.D., 2002. Row width and plant density effects on corn grain production in the northern corn belt. Agron J 94, 1020-1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.1020
Xu D.Q., 2002. Photosynthetic efficiency. Shanghai Publ of Technology, Shanghai, 67pp.
Xu H.L., Gauthier L., Desjardins Y., Gosselin A., 1997. Photosynthesis in leaves, fruits, stem and petioles of greenhouse-grown tomato plants. Photosynth 33, 113-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022135507700
Zhang L.X., Qiang H., 2010. Effects of enhanced atmospheric ammonia on photosynthetic characteristics of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars with various nitrogen supply across long-term growth period and their diurnal change patterns. Photosynth 48, 389-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099-010-0051-2
ZHAO A.,1986. The study of leaf blade function in summer maize. Till Cultiv 4, 26-32.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.