The forgotten, ancient olive trees of the Spanish northwest: A first molecular and botanical analysis

  • Pilar Gago Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-9879
  • José L. Santiago Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0656-5665
  • Susana Boso Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra
  • María C. Martínez Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra
Keywords: Olea europaea L, ´Brava Gallega´, ´Mansa Gallega´, unknown genotypes, Galicia, morphological descriptors, SSRs

Abstract

No country has a larger area under olive (Olea europaea subs. europaea var. europaea) cultivation than Spain. In the Spanish northwest, however, this crop has largely been forgotten, even though olive oil was once an important product of the area. Sadly, apart from a few scraps of information handed down orally, little information exists regarding the genotypes grown, or from where they may have originally come. Many centuries-old olive trees, however, can still be found in the area, some even forming groves now part of open woodland but which may harbour an important genetic reservoir. The present work describes a botanical and molecular analysis of these ancient trees, following a survey of allegedly native genotypes surviving in different locations in Galicia. Comparison of their molecular profiles with those in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba, and those in the database compiled by the Agronomy Department of the University of Cordoba, revealed two known Galician genotypes, ´Brava Gallega´ and ´Mansa Gallega´, and the Portuguese genotype ´Cobrancoça´. Six genotypes present in neither database were also detected. In addition, some misidentifications of the ´Mansa´ genotype in recent studies were clarified. Botanical analysis confirmed the molecular results in all cases. The findings suggest a larger survey should be performed so that the full olive genetic diversity of this region can be recorded and preserved.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alonso de Herrera G, 1513. Agricultura general. Imprenta Real, Madrid, Spain.

Baldoni L, Cultrera NG, Mariotti R, Ricciolini C, Arcioni S, Vendramin GG, Buonamici A, Porceddu A, Sarri V, Ojeda MA, et al., 2009. A consensus list of microsatellite markers for olive genotyping. Mol Breeding 24 (3): 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-009-9285-8

Barranco D, Cimato A, Fiorino P, Rallo L, Touzani A, Castañeda C, Serafini F, Trujillo I, 2000. World olive catalogue of olive varieties. International Olive Oil Council, Madrid, Spain.

Barranco D, Trujillo I, Rallo L, 2005. Variedades de olivo en España. Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, Spain.

Bartolini G, Prevost G, Messeri C, Carignani C, 2005. Olive germplasm: genotypes and world-wide collections. FAO SaPGRSo (ed), FAO, Rome.

Belaj A, Satovic Z, Rallo L, Trujillo I, 2002. Genetic diversity and relationships in olive (Olea europaea L.) germplasm collections as determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Theor Appl Genet 105: 638-644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-0981-6

Belaj A, Cipriani G, Testolin R, Rallo L, Trujillo I, 2004. Characterization and identification of the main Spanish and Italian accessions by simple sequence repeat markers. Hort-Science 39: 1557-1561. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.39.7.1557

Belaj A, Leon L, Satovic Z, de la Rosa R, 2011. Variability of wild olives (Olea europaea subsp europaea var. sylvestris) analyzed by agro-morphological traits and SSR markers. Sci Hortic 129 (4): 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.04.025

Boso S, Santiago JL, Martínez MC, 2004. Intravarietal agronomic variability in the cv. Albariño (Vitis vinifera L.). Am J Enol Vitic 55: 279-282.

Bouhadida M, Casas AM, Moreno MA, Gogorcena Y, 2007. Molecular characterization of Miraflores peach variety and relatives using SSRs. Sci Hort 111: 140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.10.018

Carriero F, Fontanazza G, Cellini F, Giorio G, 2002. Identification of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in olive (Olea europaea L.). Theor Appl Genet 104: 301-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220100691

Caruso T, Marra FP, Costa F, Campisi G, Macaluso L, Marchese A, 2014. Genetic diversity and clonal variation within the main Sicilian olive cultivars based on morphological traits and microsatellite markers. Sci Hortic 180: 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.019

Cipriani G, Marrazzo MT, Marconi R, Cimato A, Testolin R, 2002. Microsatellite markers isolated in olive (Olea europaea L) are suitable for individual fingerprinting and reveal polymorphism within ancient genotypes. Theor Appl Genet 104: 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220100685

Claros MG, Crespillos R, Aguilar ML, Canovas FM, 2000. DNA fingerprinting and classification of geographically related genotypes of olive-tree (Olea europaea L.) Euphytica 116: 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004011829274

Contreras JM, 1798. Historia del célebre santuario de Nuestra Señora de Las Hermitas, situada en las montañas que baña el rio Bibey en tierra del Bollo, Reyno de Galicia, y Obispado de Astorga. Ed. Francisco de Toxar, Salamanca, Spain.

Cordeiro AI, Sanchez-Sevilla JF, Alvarez-Tinaut MC, Gomez-Jimenez MC, 2008. Genetic diversity assessment in Portugal accessions of Olea europaea by RAPD markers. Biol Plantarum 52 (4): 642-647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-008-0125-1

De La Rosa R, James CM, Tobutt KR, 2002. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in olive (Olea europaea L.) and their transferability to other genera in the Oleaceae. Mol Ecol Notes 2 (3): 265-267. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00217.x

Diez CM, Trujillo I, Barrio E, Belaj A, Barranco D, Rallo L, 2011. Centennial olive trees as a reservoir of genetic diversity. Ann Bot 108: 797-807. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr194

Diez CM, Imperato A, Rallo L, Barranco D, Trujillo I, 2012. Worldwide core collection of olive genotypes based on simple sequence repeat and morphological markers. Crop Sci 52: 211-221. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.02.0110

Diez CM, Trujillo I, Martínez-Urdiroz N, Barranco D, Rallo L, Marfil P, Gaut BS, 2015. Olive domestication and diversification in the Mediterranean Basin. New Phytol 206: 436-447. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13181

Dos Santos ARF, Ramos-Cabrer AM, Diaz-Hernandez MB, Pereira-Lorenzo S, 2011. Genetic variability and diversification process in local pear genotypes from northwestern Spain using microsatellites. Tree Genet Genomes 7 (5): 1041-1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-011-0393-3

Espinosa-Sánchez J, 2010. Mito y realidad del aceite de Quiroga. GDR Ribeira Sacra, Lugo, Spain.

Fendri M, Trujillo I, Trigui A, Rodriguez-Garcia MI, Ramirez JDA, 2010. Simple sequence repeat identification and endocarp characterization of olive tree accessions in a Tunisian germplasm collection. Hortscience 45: 1429-1436. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.45.10.1429

Fendri M, Ferreira E, Calado L, Abreu I, Rodríguez-García MI, Amorim MI, Alche JD, 2014. Discrimination of Portuguese and Spanish olive genotypes using microsatellite markers. Acad J Agric Res 2: 58-61.

Fernández de la Cigoña E, Martínez X, 2003. O aceite en Galicia guía das lagaretas castrexo-romanas, medievais e modernas. Ed. Asociación Galega para a Cultura e a Ecoloxía, Pontevedra, Spain.

Gago P, Santiago JL, Boso S, Alonso-Villaverde V, Grando S, Martínez MC, 2009. Biodiversity and characterization of twenty-two Vitis vinifera L. genotypes in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Am J Enol Vit 60 (3): 293-301.

Gil FS, Busconi M, Machado AD, Fogher C, 2006. Development and characterization of microsatellite loci from Olea europaea. Mol Ecol Notes 6 (4): 1275-1277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01513.x

Gómez MC, Delgado FJ, Parra MC, 2012. Identificación de variedades de olivo cultivadas en Extremadura mediante marcadores morfológicos y moleculares. Universidad de Extremadura Servicio de Publicaciones, Badajoz, Spain.

Haouane H, El Bakkali A, Moukhli A, Tollon C, Santoni S, Oukabli A, El Modafar C, Khadari B, 2011. Genetic structure and core collection of the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Marrakech: towards the optimised management and use of Mediterranean olive genetic resources. Genetica 139 (9): 1083-1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-011-9608-7

Hidalgo-Tablada J, 1870. Tratado del cultivo de la vid en España y modo de mejorarlo. Librería de la Señora Viuda e Hijos de Don José Cuesta, Madrid.

Imazio S, Labra M, Grassi F, Winfield M, Bardini M, Scienza A, 2002. Molecular tools for clone identification: The case of the grapevine cultivar 'Traminer'. Plant Breed 121 (6): 531-535. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.00762.x

Jakše J, Štajner N, Tomić L, Javornik B, 2013. Application of microsatellite markers in grapevine and olives. In: The Mediterranean genetic code - Grapevine and olive; Sladonja B & Poljuha D (eds.). pp: 25-50. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/53411

Lazovic B, Adakalic M, Pucci C, Perovic T, Bandelj D, Belaj A, Mariotti R, Baldoni L, 2016. Characterizing ancient and local olive germplasm from Montenegro. Sci Hortic 209: 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.06.022

Liu K, Muse SV, 2005. Power marker: Integrated analysis environment for genetic marker data. Bioinformatics 21 (9): 2128-2129. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti282

MAPA, 2018. Anuario de estadística agraria 2017. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/estadistica/temas/publicaciones/anuario-de-estadistica [11/04/2019].

MAPAMA, 2017. Resolución de la Dirección General de Producciones y Mercados Agrarios de 23 de Octubre de 2017, por la que se reconocen oficialmente una serie de variedades de especies frutales, propuestas por la Dirección General de Ganadería, Agricultura e Industrias Alimentarias de la Xunta de Galicia. Dirección de Validación: https://sede.administracion.gob.es/pagSedeFront/servicios/consultaCSV.htm (Código Seguro de Verificación: CSV: GEN-68e0-ec35-2596-15ab-d855-e52f-2900-2339). [11/04/2017].

Martí AFI, Forcada CFI, Company RSI, Rubio-Cabetas, MJ, 2015. Genetic relationships and population structure of local olive tree accessions from Northeastern Spain revealed by SSR markers. Acta Physiol Plant 37: 1726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1726-2

Martínez MC, 2007. La colección de variedades de vid del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Misión Biológica de Galicia). La Semana Vitivinícola 3198: 3926-3929.

Martínez MC, Genan S, 1999. A graphic reconstruction method of an average leaf of vine. Agronomie 19: 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:19990607

Martínez MC, Pérez JE, 2000. The forgotten vineyard of the Asturias Princedom (north of Spain) and ampelographic description of its genotypes (Vitis vinifera L). Am J Enol Vit 51 (4): 370-378.

Martínez MC, Boso S, Santiago JL, 2005. Los clones de Albariño (Vitis vinifera L) seleccionados en el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones científicas. Editorial CSIC, Madrid, Spain.

Martínez MC, Boso S, Gago P, Muñoz-Organero G, De Andrés M, Gaforio L, Cabello F, Santiago JL, 2018. Value of two Spanish live grapevine collections in the resolution of synonyms, homonyms and naming errors. Aus J Grape Wine Res 24 (4): 430-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12348

Murray MG, Thompson WF, 1980. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucl Acid Res 8: 4321-4325. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321

Muzzalupo I, Chiappetta A, Benincasa C, Perri E, 2010. Intra-cultivar variability of three major olive cultivars grown in different areas of central-southern Italy and studied using microsatellite markers. Sci Hortic 126: 324-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.014

OIV, 2009. OIV descriptor list for grape varieties and Vitis species (2nd ed). International Organisation of Vine and Wine, http://www.oiv.int/oiv/info/enplubicationoiv#grape. [28/04/2017].

Peakall R, Smouse PE, 2006. GENALEX 6: Genetic analysis in Excel Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6: 288-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x

Peakall R, Smouse PE, 2012. GenAlEx 65: Genetic analysis in Excel Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28: 2537-2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460

Pereira-Lorenzo S, Fernandez-Lopez J, 1997. Description of 80 genotypes and 36 clonal selections of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill) from Northwestern Spain. Fruit Var J 51 (1): 13-27.

Pereira-Lorenzo S, Ramos-Cabrer AM, Díaz-Hernández, MB, 2007. Evaluation of genetic identity and variation of local apple cultivars (Malus x domestica Borkh.) from Spain using microsatellite markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 54: 405-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-0003-7

Pereira-Lorenzo S, dos Santos ARF, Ramos-Cabrer AM, Sau F, Diaz-Hernandez MB, 2012. Morphological variation in local pears from north-western Spain. Sci Hortic 138: 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.02.007

Rallo L, Barranco D, Caballero JM, Del Rio C, Martin A, Tous J, Trujillo I, 2005. Variedades de olivo en España. Coed. Junta de Andalucía, MAPA & Ed Mundi-Prensa, Madrid.

Reboredo-Rodríguez P, 2015. Caracterización aromática y fenólica de aceitunas y aceites de oliva producidos en Galicia. Doctoral thesis. Univ. Vigo, Ourense, Spain.

Reboredo-Rodríguez P, González-Barreiro C, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gándara J, 2014a. Improvements in the malaxation process to enhance the aroma quality of extra virgin olive oils. Food Chem 158: 534-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.140

Reboredo-Rodríguez P, González-Barreiro C, Cancho-Grande B, Simal- Gándara J, 2014b. Quality of extra virgin olive oils produced in an emerging olive growing area in north-western Spain. Food Chem 164 (1): 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.043

Reboredo-Rodríguez P, González-Barreiro C, Cancho-Grande B, Fregapane G, Salvador MD, Simal-Gándara J, 2015. Characterisation of extra virgin olive oils from Galician autochthonous varieties and their co-crushings with Arbequina and Picual cv. Food Chem 176: 493-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.078

Reboredo-Rodríguez P, González-Barreiro C, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gándara J, Trujillo I, 2018. Genotypic and phenotypic identification of olive genotypes from north-western Spain and characterization of their extra virgin olive oils in terms of fatty acid composition and minor compounds. Sci Hort 232: 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.015

Sakar E, Unver H, Ercisli S, 2016. Genetic diversity among historical olive (Olea europaea L) genotypes from southern Anatolia based on SSR markers. Biochem Genet 54 (6): 842-853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-016-9761-x

Salimonti A, Simeone V, Cesari G, Lamaj F, Cattivelli L, Perri E, Desiderio F, Fanizzi FP, Del Coco L, Zelasco S, 2013. A first molecular investigation of monumental olive trees in Apulia region. Sci Hortic 162: 204-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.08.005

Santiago JL, Boso S, Martín JP, Ortiz, JM, Martínez, MC, 2005. Characterization and identification of grapevine genotypes (Vitis vinifera L) from northwestern Spain using microsatellite markers and ampelometric methods. Vitis 44 (2): 67-72.

Sarri V, Baldoni L, Porceddu A, Cultrera NGM, Contento A, Frediani M, Belaj A, Trujillo I, Cionini PG, 2006. Microsatellite markers are powerful tools for discriminating among olive genotypes and assigning them to geographically defined populations. Genome 49 (12): 1606-1615. https://doi.org/10.1139/g06-126

Sefc KM, Lopes S, Mendonca D, Dos Santos MR, Machado MLD, Machado AD, 2000. Identification of microsatellite loci in olive (Olea europaea L) and their characterization in Italian and Iberian olive trees. Mol Ecol 9: 1171-1173. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00954.x

Trujillo I, Ojeda MA, Urdiroz NM, Potter D, Barranco D, Rallo L, Diez CM, 2014. Identification of the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba (Spain) using SSR and morphological markers. Tree Genet Genomes 10: 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-013-0671-3

Vargas-Gómez P, Talavera-Lozano S, 2012. Olea. In: Flora Ibérica Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares; Andrés C, Talavera S, Quintanar A (eds.). Vol 11, pp: 136-139. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid. http://www.floraiberica.org/ [29/04/2017].

Viñuales J, 2007. Variedades de olivo del Somontano. Área de Desarrollo de la Diputación de Huesca, Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, Huesca, Spain.

Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E, 1994. Olive: Olea europaea. In: Domestication of plants in the Old World, pp: 137-143. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.

Published
2019-07-26
How to Cite
Gago, P., Santiago, J. L., Boso, S., & Martínez, M. C. (2019). The forgotten, ancient olive trees of the Spanish northwest: A first molecular and botanical analysis. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 17(2), e0702. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019172-13572
Section
Plant breeding, genetics and genetic resources